Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass, micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue, and increased bone fragility, leading to a higher risk of fractures. It is a common condition among the elderly and is often the primary cause of broken bones in this population. Common sites for fractures include the vertebrae in the spine, bones of the forearm, wrist, and hip. Interestingly, until a fracture occurs, individuals may not experience any symptoms. However, weakened bones may break with minor stress or even spontaneously. After healing, chronic pain and decreased ability to carry out normal activities may persist.

Diagnosis of osteoporosis can be made using conventional radiography and by measuring bone mineral density (BMD). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a popular method for measuring BMD. Prevention of fractures in the elderly involves muscle strengthening exercises, calcium, and vitamin D supplementation. Additionally, drug therapy with bisphosphonates, teriparatide, denosumab, and romosozumab can help prevent fractures.